The politicization of the crisis is evident in Spain, the data seem to suggest. It does not help that the Government left matters of health in the hands of the different quasi-federal regions, the so-called Autonomous Communities, quite early in the process. All in all, a significant number of manipulation devices for negative persuasion have been found, surpassing, as we will eventually demonstrate, every other group.
If we take a look at the positive side of the corpus, however, we can see how scarce the results are for both corpora. Figures 3 and 4 and Tables 16 and 17 show the results for either language. We have included in this group all those terms, words or concepts aimed, not at controlling the crisis, but at mitigating its consequences.
Multiwords are, as in the previous taxonomies, more abundant in the English corpus, and marginally less so in the Spanish one than single words, as it also happened with e-implicatures of control and ontological metaphors. New coinages and expressions take place in the subsequent waves of the English corpus, whereas there are few innovations in the Spanish case. All in all, and as it happens in our search for lexical frequencies, they do not compare to, and never offset, the range of negative persuasion lexis in the corpus.
We started our work with one premise and two hypotheses; the first has neither been proven or disproven, since it constitutes our baseline of analysis, as ratified by previous studies [ 2 , 3 ]: that the government uses its power through the mass media to impose restrictive courses of action in cases of crises, and that, specifically, the British and Spanish governments have used quality papers as harbingers of doom to impose lockdowns and other repressive measures during the COVID19 crisis.
To work under such a premise, a representative and comparable ad hoc corpus of more than two million words was, then, compiled to ascertain that our work had a solid empirical basis. The way in which this power has been deployed constituted our first and our second hypotheses, namely that the necessary persuasion to coerce or convince could have been accomplished through negative or positive devices, as shall be glossed over below.
Because we even resorted to the socio-evolutionary theory of emotions, or AST affect spectrum theory, as in 6 to better illustrate how power, persuasion and manipulation are connected to our basic and most sophisticated emotions. Our first hypothesis, we think, has been proved: that in order to exert pressure over the population, the government through the mass media used authoritative verbal devices, proper of agonic, hierarchical societies, over the three waves of the epidemic.
Enthymemes in the shape of e-implicatures were deployed to control, pressure, impose, almost in equal measure, in the news discourse of either country y—if they were especially present in the Spanish case—and each of the three waves saw new incorporations of these words that reflected the status quo of each of the stages in the crisis. Sadly, other positive, more enthusing words were much scarcer in either corpus, indicating that in the sombre spectre of a crisis, the hope for salvation is much more restricted.
At the time we write, though, our future is still stifled with the prospect of new outbreaks and future curfews. The Delta variant and its new version, Delta Plus, has found its way all over the United Kingdom and, in Spain, young people, still mostly unvaccinated because of a less successful campaign than in Britain, rebel and conspire to drink in droves and without protection. And on top of it all, the State has learnt their way to rob people of their liberties for their own good, and, in our view, they have liked the way it worked.
Let our study be a warning that we, linguists, and semioticians, are aware of it. As Charteris-Black reminds us [ 10 : p. UK domain represents 7. At the time of writing this paper, Hancock had just resigned from his post as Health Secretary on account of a scandal by a breach of sanitary measures. Illa was the Secretary of Health during the three subsequent waves; at the time of writing the paper, he had unsuccessfully abandoned his post to become a candidate in the Catalonian elections.
Davison, W. Public Opinion. Accessed 6 July Riorda, M. Aprender de las Crisis. Buenos Aires: Paidos. Abbas, A. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law. Article Google Scholar.
Wagner, A. Matulewska, and S. TenHouten, W. London: Routledge. Book Google Scholar. Fairclough, N. Language and Power. London: Longman. Critical Discourse Analysis. Teun A. Google Scholar. Discourse and Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Chilton, P. Discourse and Politics. Charteris-Black, J. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Engberg, J. Gotti, S. Maci, and M. Sala, — Frankfurt: Peter Lang. Gramsci, A. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. London: Lawrence and Wishart. Bourdieu, P.
With its accessible multi-disciplinary approach and comprehensive data samples from a variety of sources, Discourse Analysis is the ideal core text for the discourse analysis course in applied linguistics, English, education, and This exciting new text, co-written by bestselling author Norman Fairclough, is essential reading for researchers, upper undergraduate and postgraduate students of discourse analysis, within English language, linguistics, communication Presents a unique integrated approach to discourse analysis.
Assuming no prior knowledge of linguistics Gee presents both a method of research and a theory of language in use. The book seeks to provide a cross-sectional view of scholarship in these areas, specifically from the perspective of how the intersection of theory and practice enables Nigerian scholars of Discourse Analysis and Pragmatics to understand This book provides a case study of discourse to challenge assumptions in much Critical Discourse Analysis regarding the top-down nature of power in language.
This original volume debates critical theory and discourse analysis, focussing on the extent to which CDA can draw on a range of disciplines in the social sciences. This volume brings together a selection of contributions presented at the 15th European Symposium on Languages for Special Purposes, held at the University of Bergamo Italy from 29 August to 2 September The book has an all-encompassing coverage, a genuinely international cast list of contributors, numerous new and subtly inflected approaches to the topic and embraces a range of methods of doing discourse analysis in both theory and The focus of early studies in multimodality has primarily been directed towards the analysis of static texts; notably Lemke's b, early pioneering work in scientific discourse and mathematics, Kress and van Leeuwen's A desirable and intended effect of this book is also the development of an open and tolerant mind, which will eventually lead to a better understanding of the different and varied manifestations of language, culture and communication in Author : Nicolina Montesano Montessori Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing ISBN: Category: Political Science Page: View: Read Now » This book provides a series of contemporary and international policy case studies analysed through discursive methodological approaches in the traditions of critical discourse analysis, social semiotics and discourse theory.
This is the first volume that connects this discursive methodology systematically to the field of critical policy analysis and will therefore be an essential book for researchers who wish to include a discursive analysis in their critical policy research.
Its main merit, I think, is that it intorduces approaches which up to now have hardley been admitted into the universe of scientific discourse' - Discourse Studies Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis provides the most comprehensive overview currently available of linguistic and sociological approaches to text and discourse analysis. Among the 10 linguistic and sociological models surveyed in this book some of the more important are Grounded Theory, Content Analysis, Conversation Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis.
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It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Sign In. Advanced Search. Spoken discourse Spoken discourse includes all verbal utterances either formal or informal. It is discourse in verbal or spoken form. Every social activity we get involved in to relate with one another such as causal conversation, interview, sermon, seminar, public lecture, classroom conversation, telephone exchange, political talk and so on is spoken discourse.
Though spoken discourse is verbal, it is also accompanied by some non-verbal behaviour such as facial gestures and body movement to aid interpretation of discourse. Casual conversation is the most frequent type of spoken discourse found in human society. Spoken discourse may be face-to-face or distance communication where the speaker is not physically present like telephone conversation, radio and television broadcast.
Certain features characterized spoken discourse which include known or expected audience, instant understanding and feedback, faster than written discourse and varied in speech, gesture, intonation, rhythm, pitch range and pausing.
Its lexical and grammatical compositions encourage the use of short phrases and clauses, attributive adjectives and lexical repetitions. Spoken discourse may be classified according to the number of participants involved.
We have monologue in an uninterrupted speech by only one person. The speaker may be talking to himself or others who do not respond or are not expected to respond.
It is mostly used in drama. Dialogue is a conversation between two participants. Multilogue is a conversational situation where many participants are involved in a conversation. Utterance and communicative acts Utterance and communicative acts are indispensable concepts in spoken discourse. Utterance is a unit of spoken language in context. Schiffrin describes discourse as utterances. It implies that utterances are small units which made up discourse.
Utterances are contextualized sentences, that is, a collection of sentences placed in a particular context just as discourse is defined as language in context. An utterance is different from a sentence because a sentence is decontextualized while an utterance is contextualized sentences. Utterances are used to perform communicative acts. The concept of communicative acts is derived from J.
Austin lecture of titled How to Do Things with Words where he described every speech as an action. Communicative act is also referred to as speech act.
Every utterance made by a speaker is meant to perform an action, that is, changing the reality of the situation in context. The outcome of communicative act is the action carried out as a result of the utterance which is illocutionary result.
The position of J. Searle is that understanding the utterance which he called illocutionary result is more important. He explains illocutionary act as conventional relation between the utterance and the intention of the speaker. The act of the utterance is the main concern in communicative actions.
It may be any of those given by J. Searle : assertives, directives, commissives, expressives and declaratives or those given by Jakobson referential, emotive, phatic, conative, metaphysical and poetic functions. Communicative act is structured according to the three levels of speech act: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act because it is believed that utterance performs action at each level of speech act.
Written discourse Written discourse is any form of discourse that been graphically represented or documented on a piece of paper or other media means. It encourages documentation of the message conveyed which can be used later for referencing. It is carefully constructed with a room for correction and reconstruction unlike the spoken discourse.
The writer is able to adjust the content of his work. The ideas in written discourse are organized structurally into paragraphs. Each paragraph conveys an idea that can be summarized into one sentence called the topic sentence.
Punctuation marks are employed in written discourse to make it meaningful to the reader. The paragraphs are linked one to another by connectives to make the discourse a unified whole. We should note that written discourse can be divided into chapters, verses, sections, units, headings, subheadings etc. The writer is always careful in written discourse because anyone can pick the text up at any time to read.
Some of the examples are novel, play, poem, book, editorial in newspaper, article in magazine, letter, report etc Brown and Yule Text The pioneers of systemic functional linguistic SFL who develop interest in the study of written discourse refer to the study of written discourse as text linguistics Halliday and Hasan 10, Bloor and Bloor Their view is that written discourse has certain feature which makes it different from spoken discourse, which is actually its textuality.
It is a continuous piece of writingor an extract from any part of written or printed materials Daramola Text is not restricted to written language alone; it is both spoken and written. It is defined by linguists as any language that is functional, that is, either spoken or written language working in a particular context.
It is described as a semantic unit. Daramola ibid explains that it has two basic features: a product and a process. It evolves as a semantic choice, as a process, through a semantic network in a context. Text can be seen as a means of exchange or an interactive event between two speakers of a language. Texture Texture is the quality of a text. A text has texture because that is what distinguishes it from other combination of words that is not a text. It is the element that unifies the structure of a text by showing relation between sentences in an environment Halliday and Hasan Context Context is the social environment in which a text occurs.
It is a set of fact around a particular event. Thus, it is everything that surrounds production of an utterance including the situation, the interlocutors and the knowledge of the cultural norms and behaviour.
All these external factors constitute context which helps the language speaker to interpret meaning in appropriate manner. Schiffrin categorically declares that: Context is thus a world filled with people producing utterances: people who have social, cultural and personal identities, knowledge, beliefs, goals and wants and who interact with one another in various socially and culturally defined situations.
Context of situation is indispensable in the interpretation and understanding of discourse Daramola A text occurs in a context of situation. There are three components of context of situation according to Halliday. They are field, tenor and mode. The three components help us to focus our attention on a particular speech situation by making the features of a text explicit.
Each of these components makes the study of discourse explicit. Field of discourse refers to the activity that is going on and the purpose that language is performing in context of the activity. Tenor of discourse refers to the interaction among the participants especially the social relationship among them. Mode of discourse refers to the role of language in communication particularly as a channel or medium of communication.
The mode can either be spoken or written. Cohesion Cohesion is the relations of meaning which exist within the text and justify it as a text. Cohesion is lexical and grammatical unity within a text. Without cohesion, a text will not make meaning. The elements that are used to achieve semantic unity in the text are called cohesive devices. Halliday and Hasan identify five major types of cohesive devices: references, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion.
Each of these may further be subdivided. Let us briefly look at them. Reference Reference is the relation between an element of a text and something else which refers to it for interpretation in a given context.
Words used as references do not have their own meaning; we can only infer their meaning by referring to something else in the text. There are four major types of reference. First, anaphoric is making reference to what has been said earlier in the text. Second, cataphoric is the reference made to what will be said later in the text, that is, forward referencing. Third, endophoricis reference within the text; it covers both anaphoric and cataphoric. Fourth, exophoric is the reference to something outside the text.
Substitution It is the replacing of a word, phrase or clause with a word in the next clause to avoid repetition. For example: Bunmi: I won scholarship to study in London. Taju: I know it already. Ellipsis It is the deletion of certain grammatical elements from a structure for cohesive purpose.
Such grammatical elements are referred to as redundant elements, but they can be uniquely recovered. For example: Janet: Did you see the money I left on the table?
James: No. They are cohesive devices used to link two successive clauses or sentences. Other scholars mention additive, temporal, adversative, casual and continuative relations of conjunction Onadeko Lexical cohesion Lexical relationship exists when lexical items have a structural relationship. Lexical items are used as a cohesive device when the features of words and group of words are used to create relationships among the words.
Grammatical competence the ability to use words and rules correctly 2. Sociolinguistic competence the ability to use language appropriately 3. Discourse competence the ability to use language cohesively and coherently 4.
Strategic competence the ability to use appropriate communication strategies Discourse Analysis Inference An inference is additional information used by the listener to create a connection between what is said and what must be meant.
Example Can I look at your Chomsky? Presupposition What a speaker or writer assumes is true or known by a listener or reader can be described as a presupposition. Example Your brother is waiting outside. Here there is an obvious presupposition that you have a brother. Why did you arrive late? When did you stop smoking? Okay, Mr.
Smith, how fast were you going when you ran the red light? Questions like this have in-built presuppositions, and they are useful devices for interrogators or trial lawyers. Cohesion in English Cohesion is a property of a text by means of which different parts of a text are linked and connected. Halliday and Hasan distinguish five major types of grammatical cohesive ties: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical ties.
Reference Pronouns, demonstratives, and comparatives may be used as cohesive links. Examples 1. If a student needs help, he can always meet me in office. This is why John is the best footballer in town.
Anaphorics If you are buying a care, you should know this. Cataphoric 3. This car is good but that one is better. Substitution Substitution is the process of replacing a lexical item with another at the nominal, verbal and clausal levels. Examples Nominal Do you want the apples? Verbal Did you go? Yes, I did. Clausal The apples are getting back. Yes, they are. Examples Nominal They are small. Take two apples. Verbal Were you reading? Conjunction These are linkers used to indicate a relationship between sentences or parts of a sentence.
Examples Contrast I bought ten apples. Causal Her work was finished, so she turned off the laptop. Temporal After the prayer, we went home.
Logical sequence I lost all my money. Then, I sold my house. Lexical Ties This involves the use of lexical items to link different parts of the text via repetition, synonymy, superordinate, and general words. Repetition Sue is in the race. I believe Sue will win the race. Synonymy I saw a young boy. The lad was wearing a T-shirt. Superordinates I bough carrot. Questions and Parallel Structures Aluminum alloys are now more important in the automobile industry than ever before. But why are they important?
They are significant because they are light and fuel efficient in comparison to the heavy, fuel- consuming steel alloys. The government is pressuring the industry to replace traditional iron-based alloys with aluminum-based alloys but apparently the industry is not willing to. Iron-based alloys are now more infrequently used in the automobile industry than ever before.
An extended example I saw a boy in the garden. What was he doing? The boy was climbing a tree but I was not. I was worried about the child. The poor lad was obviously not up to it. The idiot was going to fall off the tree. He did. Then, I rushed him to the nearest hospital. You would not believe this. He was totally ok. This was a big surprise to me.
The boy promised never to do it again. Coherence My father bought a Lincoln convertible.
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