Poker hands are ranked by the following partial order from lowest to highest. High Card. Hands which do not fit any higher category are ranked by the value of their highest card. If the highest cards have the same value, the hands are ranked by the next highest, and so on. Two of the five cards in the hand have the same value. Hands which both contain a pair are ranked by the value of the cards forming the pair.
If these values are the same, the hands are ranked by the values of the cards not forming the pair, in decreasing order. Two Pairs. Hands which both contain two pairs are ranked by the value of their highest pair. Hands with the same highest pair are ranked by the value of their other pair. If these values are the same the hands are ranked by the value of the remaining card. Three of a Kind. Three of the cards in the hand have the same value.
Hands which both contain three of a kind are ranked by the value of the three cards. Hand contains five cards with consecutive values. Hands which both contain a straight are ranked by their highest card. Hand contains five cards of the same suit.
Hands which are both flushes are ranked using the rules for High Card. Full House. Three cards of the same value, with the remaining two cards forming a pair. Ranked by the value of the three cards.
Four of a Kind. Four cards with the same value. Ranked by the value of the four cards. Straight Flush. Five cards of the same suit with consecutive values.
Ranked by the highest card in the hand. Your job is to compare several pairs of poker hands and to indicate which, if either, has a higher rank. Output For each line of input, print a line containing one of the following: Black wins. White wins. Black wins. Problems 45 2. For our purposes, each party may be characterized by a positive integer h called the hartal parameter that denotes the average number of days between two successive strikes called by the given party.
Consider three political parties. We always start the simulation on a Sunday. There are no hartals on either Fridays or Saturdays. There is no hartal on day 6 since it falls on Friday. Hence we lose five working days in two weeks. Given the hartal parameters for several political parties and the value of N , determine the number of working days lost in those N days. Input The first line of the input consists of a single integer T giving the number of test cases to follow.
Output For each test case, output the number of working days lost on a separate line. Problems 47 2. In other words, each letter of the alphabet is consistently replaced in the text by some other letter. To ensure that the encryption is reversible, no two letters are replaced by the same letter. Input The input consists of a line containing an integer n, followed by n lowercase words, one per line, in alphabetical order.
These n words compose the dictionary of words which may appear in the decrypted text. Following the dictionary are several lines of input. Each line is encrypted as described above. There are no more than 1, words in the dictionary.
No word exceeds 16 letters. The encrypted lines contain only lower case letters and spaces and do not exceed 80 characters in length. Output Decrypt each line and print it to standard output. If there are multiple solutions, any one will do. If there is no solution, replace every letter of the alphabet by an asterisk.
In one of them, the dealer cheats. You have been retained by the security manager to track this dealer. A standard playing card deck contains 52 cards, with 13 values in each of four suits. The values are named 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack, Queen, King, Ace. The suits are named Clubs, Diamonds, Hearts, Spades. Input The input begins with a single positive integer on a line by itself indicating the number of test cases, followed by a blank line.
Then follow n sets of 52 integers, each comprising all the integers from 1 to 52 in some order. Several lines follow, each containing an integer k between 1 and n. Output For each test case, assume the dealer starts with a new deck ordered as described above.
The output of two consecutive cases will be separated by a blank line. Input The first line of the input contains the number of scenarios. Each scenario consists of a paper database and a list of names. It begins with the line P N, where P and N are natural numbers. Following this line is the paper database, with P lines each containing the description of one paper specified in the following way: Smith, M.
After the P papers follow N lines with names. Such a name line has the following format: Martin, G. The authors should appear in the same order as they appear in the list of names. Problems 51 Smith, M. Hsueh, Z. Chen, X. Sample Output Scenario 1 Smith, M. Then you had better know how to keep score! Contestants are ranked first by the number of problems solved the more the better , then by decreasing amounts of penalty time. If two or more contestants are tied in both problems solved and penalty time, they are displayed in order of increasing team numbers.
A problem is considered solved by a contestant if any of the submissions for that problem was judged correct. Penalty time is computed as the number of minutes it took until the first correct submission for a problem was received, plus 20 minutes for each incorrect submission prior to the correct solution. Unsolved problems incur no time penalties. The input consists of a snapshot of the judging queue, containing entries from some or all of contestants 1 through solving problems 1 through 9.
The lines of input appear in the order in which the submissions were received. Output The output for each test case will consist of a scoreboard, sorted by the criteria described above.
Each line of output will contain a contestant number, the number of problems solved by the contestant and the total time penalty accumulated by the contestant. Since not all contestants are actually participating, only display those contestants who have made a submission. Problems 53 2. A score card contains 13 categories. The score for the game is the sum of all 13 categories plus a bonus of 35 points if the sum of the first six categories is 63 or greater.
Your job is to compute the best possible score for a sequence of rounds. Input Each line of input contains five integers between 1 and 6, indicating the values of the five dice thrown in each round.
There are 13 such lines for each game, and there may be any number of games in the input data. Output Your output should consist of a single line for each game containing 15 numbers: the score in each category in the order given , the bonus score 0 or 35 , and the total score.
If there is more than categorization that yields the same total score, any one will do. Hints 55 2. A jolly jumper represents a graceful labeling of an n-vertex path. The famous graceful tree conjecture asks whether every tree has a graceful labeling. Graceful graphs make a great topic for undergraduate student research. This can be shown using either modular arithmetic or the theory of cycles in permutations. Read one of the popular biographies of his life [Hof99, Sch00] for more about this fascinating man.
Internet search engines such as Google search billions of documents almost instantaneously. The se- quencing of the human genome has given us three billion characters of text describing all the proteins we are built from. In searching this string for interesting patterns, we are literally looking for the secret of life. The stakes in solving the programming problems in this chapter are considerably lower than that. However, they provide insight into how characters and text strings are represented in modern computers, and the clever algorithms which search and manipu- late this data.
We refer the interested reader to [Gus97] for a more advanced discussion of string algorithms. Computers are fundamentally designed to work with numerical data.
All they know about a given alphabet is which symbol is assigned to each possible number. When changing the font in a print program, all that really changes are the im- age bit-maps associated with each character. When changing an operating system from English to Russian all that really changes is the mapping of symbols in the character code.
It is useful to understand something about character code designs when working with text strings. These symbol assignments were not done at random. This makes it very easy to eliminate them before displaying junk, although somehow very few programs seem to do so. Sort- ing alphabetically means sorting by character code. Inconsistent use of these codes is one of the pains in moving text files between UNIX and Windows systems.
More modern international character code designs such as Unicode use two or even three bytes per symbol, and can represent virtually any symbol in every language on 1 Be aware that there are literally dozens of variations on ASCII. Perhaps the most important is ISO Latin-1, which is a full 8-bit code that includes European accented characters.
Strings earth. Whenever the high-order bits are 0, the text gets interpreted as single-byte characters instead of two- byte entities. Thus the character data type is the choice for manip- ulating raw files, even for those which are not intended to be printable. Java, on the other hand, was designed to support Unicode, so characters are bit entities.
Failing to end your string explicitly with a null typically extends it by a bunch of unprintable characters. In defining a string, enough array must be allocated to hold the largest possible string plus the null unless you want a core dump. The advantage of this array representation is that all individual characters are accessible by index as array elements.
Still, such a represen- tation might be useful if you were to insert or delete substrings frequently within the body of a string. On what sized strings? Your company, Digiscam formerly Algorist Technologies , has put you to work on a program which maintains a database of corporate name changes and does the appropriate substitutions to bring old documents up to date.
Your program should take as input a file with a given number of corporate name changes, followed by a given number of lines of text for you to correct. Only exact matches of the string should be replaced. There will be at most corporate changes, and each line of text is at most 1, characters long. Strings What kind of string operations do we need to do to solve this problem? We must be able to read strings and store them, search strings for patterns, modify them, and finally print them.
Observe that the input file has been segmented into two parts. The first section, the dictionary of name changes, must be completely read and stored before starting to convert the text.
We do not need to sort the keys in any particular order, since we will be scanning through each of them on each line of text. If a letter is cap- italized in the pattern but not in the text there is no match. More seriously, if a company name is split between lines see the example input , no match will be de- tected.
The same technique can be used to allow for wild card characters, which match anything. A more general notion of approximate string matching is discussed in Section This naive algorithm can take as much as O p t time in the worst case.
Can you construct an arbitrary-length example pattern and text where it actually takes this much time without ever matching the pattern? Strings discussion. These algorithms are likely implemented in the string library associated with your programming language. Here, we assume that strings are represented as a sequence of single- byte characters in a null-terminated array, as supported by C. The right endpoint is found by computing the string length. Remember to terminate the new string with a null!
String reversal can also be done in place by swapping characters if you are willing to destroy the original string. As an example, we implement a routine to replace a substring at a given position with another string. We will need it for our corporate merger program. The tricky part is moving the other characters in our string to accommodate the new text.
Strings 3. There is no reason to reinvent the wheel. Strings are not a supported data type of standard Pascal, and so the details vary with the specific implementation. C Library String Functions C contains both character and string libraries. The C language character library ctype.
As with all C predicates, true is defined as any non-zero quantity, and false as zero. The following functions appear in the C language string library string. The full library has more functions and options, so check it out. Java String Objects Java strings are first-class objects deriving either from the String class or the StringBuffer class. The String class is for static strings which do not change, while StringBuffer is designed for dynamic strings.
Recall that Java was designed to support Unicode, so its characters are bit entities. The java. Your task is to decode a message typed in this manner. Input Input consists of several lines of text. Keys labeled with words [Tab, BackSp, Control, etc. Spaces in the input should be echoed in the output.
Problems 67 3. A word matches a straight, uninterrupted line of letters in the grid. A word can match the letters in the grid regardless of case i. The matching can be done in any of the eight horizontal, vertical, or diagonal directions through the grid. Input The input begins with a single positive integer on a line by itself indicating the number of cases, followed by a blank line. There is also a blank line between each two consecutive cases.
The next m lines contain n letters each, representing the grid of letters where the words must be found. The letters in the grid may be in upper- or lowercase. The next k lines of input contain the list of words to search for, one word per line. These words may contain upper- and lowercase letters only — no spaces, hyphens, or other non-alphabetic characters. Output For each word in each test case, output a pair of integers representing its location in the corresponding grid.
The integers must be separated by a single space. The first integer is the line in the grid where the first letter of the given word can be found 1 represents the topmost line in the grid, and m represents the bottommost line. The second integer is the column in the grid where the first letter of the given word can be found 1 represents the leftmost column in the grid, and n represents the rightmost column in the grid. If a word can be found more than once in the grid, then output the location of the uppermost occurrence of the word i.
If two or more words are uppermost, output the leftmost of these occurrences. All words can be found at least once in the grid. The output of two consecutive cases must be separated by a blank line.
Problems 69 3. Input The input file contains several cases, each case consisting of two consecutive lines. This means that lines 1 and 2 are a test case, lines 3 and 4 are another test case, and so on. Each line contains one string of lowercase characters, with first line of a pair denoting a and the second denoting b.
Each string consists of at most 1, characters. Output For each set of input, output a line containing x. If several x satisfy the criteria above, choose the first one in alphabetical order.
That is, in the text, each letter of the alphabet is consistently replaced by some other letter. A powerful method of cryptanalysis is the known plain text attack. In a known plain text attack, the cryptanalyst manages to have a known phrase or sentence encrypted by the enemy, and by observing the encrypted text then deduces the method of encoding. Your task is to decrypt several encrypted lines of text, assuming that each line uses the same set of replacements, and that one of the lines of input is the encrypted form of the plain text the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
There will also be a blank line between each two consecutive cases. Each case consists of several lines of input, encrypted as described above. The en- crypted lines contain only lowercase letters and spaces and do not exceed 80 characters in length. There are at most input lines. Output For each test case, decrypt each line and print it to standard output. If there is more than one possible decryption, any one will do.
If decryption is impossible, output No solution. The output of each two consecutive cases must be separated by a blank line. Problems 71 3. To eliminate the need for them, write an automated judge script to judge submitted solution runs. All characters must match and must occur in the same order.
Input The input will consist of an arbitrary number of input sets. The next n lines contain the correct solution. The next m lines contain this output. No line will have more than characters. Output For each set, output one of the following: Run x: Accepted Run x: Presentation Error Run x: Wrong Answer where x stands for the number of the input set starting from 1.
Problems 73 3. All of the files fell to the ground and broke. Your friend picked up all the file fragments and called you to ask for help putting them back together again. Fortunately, all of the files on the tray were identical, all of them broke into exactly two fragments, and all of the file fragments were found. Your job is to write a program that determines the bit pattern the files contained. Input The input begins with a single positive integer on its own line indicating the number of test cases, followed by a blank line.
If there are 2N fragments in the input, it should be possible to concatenate these fragments together in pairs to make N copies of the output string. If there is no unique solution, any of the possible solutions may be output. Your friend is certain that there were no more than files on the tray, and that the files were all less than bytes in size. The output from two consecutive test cases will be separated by a blank line.
You are given a dictionary of up to 25, lowercase words, not exceeding 16 letters each. You are then given a number of pairs of words. For each pair of words, find the shortest sequence of words that begins with the first word and ends with the second, such that each pair of adjacent words is a doublet.
Input The input file contains the dictionary followed by a number of word pairs. The dictionary consists of a number of words, one per line, and is terminated by an empty line. The pairs of input words follow; each pair of words occurs on a line separated by a space.
Output For each input pair, print a set of lines starting with the first word and ending with the last. Each pair of adjacent lines must be a doublet. If there are several minimal solutions, any one will do. Sample Input Sample Output booster booster rooster rooster roaster roaster coasted roasted roasted coastal No solution. Problems 75 3. When a new line is started, blanks at the end of the previous line and at the beginning of the new line are eliminated.
When a line break is eliminated, it is replaced by a space. You may assume that the input text does not contain any tabbing characters. Sample Input Unix fmt The unix fmt program reads lines of text, combining and breaking lines so as to create an output file with lines as close to without exceeding 72 characters long as possible. The rules for combining and breaking lines are as follows.
A new line may be started anywhere there is a space in the input. If a new line is started, there will be no trailing blanks at the end of the previous line or at the beginning of the new line. A line break in the input may be eliminated in the output, provided it is not followed by a space or another line break. If a line break is eliminated, it is replaced by a space. Sample Output Unix fmt The unix fmt program reads lines of text, combining and breaking lines so as to create an output file with lines as close to without exceeding 72 characters long as possible.
Strings lines are as follows. Hints 77 3. It might pay to look ahead to Chapter 9 where we present graph data structures and traversal algorithms. It is built on top of TeX, developed by master computer scientist Don Knuth. He is the author of the famous Art of Computer Programming books [Knu73a, Knu81, Knu73b], which are still fascinating and unsurpassed more than 30 years after their original publication.
As soon as you recognize your job is a special case of sorting, proper use of library routines make short work of the problem. Most algorithm design paradigms lead to interesting sorting algorithms, including divide-and-conquer, ran- domization, incremental insertion, and advanced data structures. In this chapter, we will review the primary applications of sorting, as well as the theory behind the most important algorithms.
Finally, we will describe the sorting library routines provided by all modern programming languages, and show how to use them on a non-trivial problem. Sort them into either increasing or decreasing order so that any repeated items will fall next to each other. Sort and sweep again does the job.
Note that the sweeping is best done by maintaining two indices — back, pointing to the last element in the cleaned-out prefix array, and i, pointing to the next element to be considered. Sorting the items according to the deadline date or some related criteria puts the jobs in the right order to process them. Priority queue data structures are useful for maintaining calendars or schedules when there are inser- tions and deletions, but sorting does the job if the set of events does not change during execution.
After sorting the items in increasing order, this fellow sits in location S[k]. After sorting, a linear sweep lets us count the number of times each element occurs. Add an extra field to the data record for the item, such that the ith record sets this field to i. Carry this field along whenever you move the record, and later sort on it when you want the initial order back.
If both of them have been sorted, we can merge them by repeatedly taking the smaller of the two head elements, placing them into the new set if desired, and then deleting the head from the appropriate list. Instead of testing all possible pairs, sort the numbers in increasing order and sweep. Thus decreasing j appropriately as i increases gives a nice solution.
Most likely your eyes started to glaze by the time you made it halfway through the list. Who needs to know so many ways to do the same thing, especially when there already exists a sorting library function included with your favorite programming language?
The real reason to study sorting algorithms is that the ideas behind them reappear as the ideas behind algorithms for many other problems. Understand that heapsort is really about data structures, that quicksort is really about randomization, and that mergesort is really about divide-and-conquer, and you have a wide range of algorithmic tools to work with.
We review a few particularly instructive algorithms below. Be sure to note what useful properties such as minimizing data movement come with each algorithm. It also provides an example of the power of advanced data structures. An inversion in a permutation p is a pair of elements which are out of order, i. Each swap in insertion sort erases exactly one inversion, and no element is otherwise moved, so the number of swaps equals the number of inversions.
Because no element need ever move out of its region after the partition, each subarray can be sorted independently. To facilitate sorting subarrays, the arguments to quicksort include the indices of the first l and last h elements in the subarray.
When implemented properly, it is the fastest in-memory sorting algorithm. It is a beautiful example of the power of recursion. The partition algorithm is useful for many tasks in its own right.
Indeed, her biggest problem is keeping track of who the best ones are. She is smart enough to realize that a program which ranks the men from most to least desirable would simplify her life. She is also persuasive enough to have talked you into writing the program. Polly really likes to dance, and has determined the optimal partner height is centimeters tall.
Among all candidates of the same height, she wants someone as close as possible to 75 kilograms without going over. If all equal-height candidates are over this limit, she will take the lightest of the bunch. If two or more people are identical by all these characteristics, sort them by last name, then by first name if it is necessary to break the tie.
Sorting Library Functions 83 The key to this problem is sorting under a fairly complex criteria defined over multiple fields. The first makes multiple sorting passes, sorting first on the least important key, then the next least important key, and so on until we finally sort on the major key.
Why do we sort in this order? The minor keys are only used to break ties among the major key ordering. Provided our sorting algorithm is stable, meaning it preserves the relative order of equal keys, our work on the minor keys remains intact if it is relevant to the final answer. Not all sorting algorithms are stable: indeed most fast ones are not!
The insertion sort and selection sort functions from Section 4. Before you assume the stability of any sorting function, check the documentation carefully.
The other approach, which is what we opted for, rolls all the keys up into one complex comparison function. Doing it this way made it easiest to take advantage of the C library sorting routine, described in the next section. It sorts the first nel elements of an array pointed to by base , where each element is width-bytes long. Thus we can sort arrays of 1-byte characters, 4-byte integers, or byte records, all by changing the value of width.
The ultimate desired order is determined by the function compare. It takes as ar- guments pointers to two width-byte elements, and returns a negative number if the first belongs before the second in sorted order, a positive number if the second belongs before the first, or zero if they are the same. The name qsort suggests that quicksort is the algorithm implemented in this library function, although this is usually irrelevant to the user.
Note that qsort destroys the contents of the original array, so if you need to restore the original order, make a copy or add an extra field to the record as described in Section 4. Binary search is an amazingly tricky algorithm to implement correctly under pressure.
The best solution is not to try, since the stdlib. Except for the search key, the arguments are the same as for qsort. To sort with STL, we can either use the default comparison e. Arrays class contains various methods for sorting and searching. In particular, static void sort Object[] a static void sort Object[] a, Comparator c sorts the specified array of objects into ascending order using either the natural ordering of its elements or a specific comparator c.
Stable sorts are also available. Methods for searching a sorted array for a specified object using either the natural comparison function or a new comparator c are also provided: binarySearch Object[] a, Object key binarySearch Object[] a, Object key, Comparator c 4. The critical comparison routine takes a pair of suitors a and b, and decides whether a is better, b is better, or they are of equal rank.
Sorting 4. He has a very big family there, all of them living on Lamafia Avenue. Since he will visit all his relatives very often, he wants to find a house close to them. Indeed, Vito wants to minimize the total distance to all of his relatives and has blackmailed you to write a program that solves his problem.
Input The input consists of several test cases. The first line contains the number of test cases. Note that several relatives might live at the same street number. Problems 89 4. The size of a pancake is given by its diameter. A flip is specified by giving the position of the pancake on the bottom of the sub-stack to be flipped relative to the entire stack. The bottom pancake has position 1, while the top pancake on a stack of n pancakes has position n.
A stack is specified by giving the diameter of each pancake in the stack in the order in which the pancakes appear. For example, consider the three stacks of pancakes below in which pancake 8 is the top-most pancake of the left stack: 8 7 2 4 6 5 6 4 8 7 8 4 5 5 6 2 2 7 The stack on the left can be transformed to the stack in the middle via flip 3.
The middle stack can be transformed into the right stack via the command flip 1. Input The input consists of a sequence of stacks of pancakes.
Each stack will consist of between 1 and 30 pancakes and each pancake will have an integer diameter between 1 and The input is terminated by end-of-file. Each stack is given as a single line of input with the top pancake on a stack appearing first on a line, the bottom pancake appearing last, and all pancakes separated by a space.
Output For each stack of pancakes, your program should echo the original stack on one line, followed by a sequence of flips that results in sorting the stack of pancakes so that the largest pancake is on the bottom and the smallest on top. The sequence of flips for each stack should be terminated by a 0, indicating no more flips necessary. Once a stack is sorted, no more flips should be made. Problems 91 4.
At most two people may cross at any time, and each group must have a flashlight. Only one flashlight is available among the n people, so some sort of shuttle arrangement must be arranged in order to return the flashlight so that more people may cross. Edmund Halley. Agrifina Helga. Anonymous vFaknH. Iyaz Meindra. Skripsi Ptk. Irna Wahyuni. Nik Pisclovephy. David Arndt. More From Evan Husada Sidrap.
Popular in Technology. Science and Tech. Rajesh Yenugula. Hari Ram. Winnie Cai. Mehar Asif Ibrahim. Sumardi Fnu. Archit Lohokare. Rahul Sharma. Pugal Vendan. This option allows you to increase or decrease the frames in the battle animations so that the animations do not consume a lot of memory, which can cause friezes on devices with low memory. The hero of this game is Babyface! Grown up among criminals he decided to go his own way after the gang was busted.
Now he has to build up a new life and starting his revenge against all who did hurt him! MC has to gain control over the gangster's wives and needs to get closer to his Landlady, Valerie!? You work as a programmer at home and earn good money. And then one day a girl of 18 appears on your doorstep and declares that she is your daughter.
You will have the opportunity to get to know your daughter better, build a special relationship and maybe get to know her very closely Gameplay: You will choose between two or more decisions that have a negative or positive impact on the result of the day and the main story. In the game at the moment only one stat is "to like". Quality rendered graphics original images x Characters: The main characters are you and your daughter, whom you yourself choose names.
There will be secondary characters, such as your daughter's girlfriend, a girl from an online chat room, etc. But the main focus will be on the content of "father-daughter. Through twists of fate and some hair-raising moments, you find yourself in the company of Alexandra. The Daughter of an organized crime family.
She herself is not a part of the family business but you instantly take a liking to her However, our hero hides a big secret inside of his genetic code. With the world in great peril, it is up to our hero to discover the secrets hidden within his blood and awaken the great potential lying dormant within.
Along the way, our hero will encounter many hot new Will they be friends or foes? Will they do battle, or will they be doing each other from dusk until dawn? The choice is yours! Be sure to choose wisely, because you are The savior Developer the acclaimed game: Good Girl Gone Bad! Lena and Ian are two very different people who find themselves in a very similar moment in their lives. Both struggling to achieve their dreams, both hurting because of love. Their lives will become intertwined, with each other and with several characters that will impact who they are and who they will become.
They will be able to experience the heights of love or the depths of lust, friendship or betrayal, moral or immoral, success or failure And you will be the one to choose. But one's choices can often tangle together and lead to an unexpected mess, so be mindful, for you thread the thread of their Red String Changelog: 0. Now Lena can choose to wear two necklaces during her concert, and they will also show up during Ian x Lena sex scene A new illustration for Lena x Mike sex scene in Chapter 5 and a reworked illustration I wasn't happy with.
I retconned Lena handing Seymour Ian's book. Now she hands it to him at the start of the photo shoot in Chapter 6 Added an option to skip Ian's heavy bag boxing minigame in Chapter 5 Added the missing cameos Screenshots:. The main purpose of the game his to get lucky and maybe marry the girl of your wet dreams, to do so you must make choices and raise your stats Changelog: v Help Byron climb the corporate ladder to become the most powerful man in the world.
What will you do with that power? Will you use it to help those around you, or will you like so many before you, get corrupted? Chengelog: v0. You are suffering from amnesia and you have not the slightest idea in what kind of situation you are in.
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